2A. Match the words on the left with the descriptions on the right.

1. acquaintance e
2. album h
3. soul mate g
4. colleague j
5. confident i
6. empathy f
7. friendship c
8. in-law d
9. reunion b
10. spouse a

2B Now write definitions for the words on the left.  Use the correct description on the right and appropriate relative pronouns.

1. An acquaintance is a person who knows you but is not a close friend.
2. An album is a book which (/ that) has pages for saving photos.
3. A soul mate is a person who (/that) is very similar to you in thought and feeling.
4. A colleague is aperson who (/that) has the same job or profession as you.
5. A confidant is a person who (/that) listens to your private feelings and thoughts.
6. Empathy is a feeling which (/that) lets you experience another person's feelings.
7. Friendship is a relationship which (/that) ecists between friends.
8. A in-law is a peson who (/that) is your husband's or wife's relative.
9. A reunion is an event which (/that) brings people together after a long separation.
10. A spuse is the person who (/that) is married to you.

3. A U.S. magazine, Psychology Today, conducted a national survey on friendship.  Below are some of the results and opinions about them.  Complete each sentence with an appropriate relative pronoun and the correct form of the verbs in parentheses.

1. A person who has(have)lived in the same place has more casual friends than someone who /that has (have) moved around.
2. People who/that have (have) moved a lot have fewer casual friends.
3. The qualities which/that are (be) most important in a friends are loyalty, warmth, and the ability to keep secrets.
4. People who/that face (face) a crisis turn first to their friends for help, not to their families.
5. Betrayal is the reason which/that is (be) most often given for ending a friendship.  Most people cannot forgive this break in trust.
6. Most people can maintain friendships with friends who/that have (have) become more successful than they are.
7. May people have friends whose social or religious backgrounds are (be) different from theirs.  These differences don't seem to affect their friendships.
8. Most people whose friends include (include) members of the opposite sex say that these relationships are different from relationships with the same sex.
9. This survey, which appeared (appear) in a past issue of Psychology Today, was completed by typical readers of this magazine.
10. Someone who/that doesn't read/hasn't read (not read) Psychology Today might have different ideas about friendship.
11. For some, friends must be people who/that share (share) the same social or religious beliefs.
12. Today a close friends can be someone who/that stays (stay) in touch online.  You may rarely see your online friends.

4.  Read the conversations.  Then use the first sentence in each conversation to help you write a summary.  Use adjective clauses.  Remember to use commas where necessary.

1. A This article is really interesting.
B: What’s it about?
A: It discusses the different types of friendship.

SUMMARY: This article, which discusses the different types of friendship, is really interesting.

2. A They’ll meet us at the restaurant, OK?
B: Which restaurant?
A: You know the one.  It’s across the street from the library.

SUMMARY: They'll meet us at the restaurant which (/that) is across the street from the library.

3. A The navy blue suit looked the best.
B: Which navy blue suit?
A: The one on sale.

SUMMARY: The navy blue suit which (/that) was on sale looked the best.

4. A Bill and Sue aren’t close friends with the Swabodas.
B: No.  The Swabodas’ interests are very different from theirs.

SUMMARY: Bill and Sue aren't close friends with the Swabodas, whose interests are very different from theirs.

5. A I loaned some chairs to the new neighbors.
B: Why did they need chairs?
A: They’re having a party tonight.

SUMMARY: I loaned some chairs to the new neighbors, who are having a party tonight.

6. A I was just laughing at an old picture of Jason.
B: Which one?  You have hundreds.
A: You know the one---it shows him holding hands with Amy.

SUMMARY: I was just laughing at an old picture of Jason which (/that) shows him holding hands with Amy.

7. A My boyfriend left me a lot of plants to water.
B: How come?
A: He went to Venezuela for two weeks.

SUMMARY: My boyfriend, who went to Benexuela for two weeks, left me a lot of plants to water.

5. Editing
Read this student’s essay about a friend.  There are ten mistakes in the use of adjective clauses and their punctuation.  Each incorrectly punctuated clause counts as one mistake. (Foe example, “My mother who is my best friend just turned 50” needs two commas, but it counts as one mistake.)  The first mistake is already corrected.  Find and correct nine more.

Good friends

A write once said that friends are born, not made.  I think he meant that friendship is like love at first sight---we become friends immediately with people who they are compatible with us.  I don't agree with this writer.  Last summer I made friends with some people who's [who are/were] completely different from me.
In July, I went to Mexico City to study Spanish for a month.  In our group, there were five adults, which [who] were all language teachers from our school.  Two teachers stayed with friends in Mexico City, and we only saw those teachers during the day.  But we saw the teachers, who [teachers who] stayed with us in the dormitory, both [dormitory both] day and night.  They were the ones who they helped us when we had problems.  Bob Taylor [,] who is much older than I am [,] became a really good friend.  In my first week, I had a problem that was getting me down.  Mexico City, that [which] is a very exciting place, was too distracting.  I went out all the time, and I stopped going to my classes.  Bob, who have [has] studied abroad a lot, helped me get back into my studies.  After the trip I kept writing to Bob, who's [whose] letters are always interesting and encouraging.  Next summer, he's leading another trip what [that/which]sounds interesting.  It's a three-week trip to Spain, which is a place he knows a lot about.  I hope I can go.

Unit 14

Complete this interview from a school newspaper. Use a relative pronoun, when or where, and the correct forms of the verbs on parentheses.

Meet Your Classmates

Maniya, who a lot of our readers already know (know) has been at Grover High for three years Now. We interviewed Maniya about her experiences coming to the United States.

INTERVIEWER: How did yr family choose Atlanta, Maniya?
MANIYA: My cousin,who(m) we stayed (stay) with at first, lives here.
INTERVIEWER: What were your first impressions?
MANIYA: At first it was fun. We got here in the summer, when there was (be) no school, so I didn't　feel much pressure to speak English.
INTERVIEWER: What was the most difficult thing about going to school?
MANIYA: Of course, the class in which I had (have) the biggest problems at first was English. It was so hard for me to write compositions or to say the things that (which) I wanted (want) to say. Now it's much easier.
INTERVIEWER: What was the biggest change for you when you got here?
MANIYA: We used to live in a big house, where (in which) there were (be) always a lot of people. Here I live with my parents and sister, who(m) I take care of (take care of) after school.
  How did you learn English so quickly?
MANIYA: At night, I write words and idioms on a piece of paper that (which) I put (put) in my shirt pocket.   Then I study them at school whenever I have a chance.
INTERVIEWER: Is there anything that (which) you still have (have) trouble with?
MANIYA: One thing that (which) I still find (find) hard to do is make jokes in English. Some things are funny in Tagalog but not in English.

3. Memories

 Combine the pair of sentences. Make the second sentence in each pair an adjective clause. Make any other necessary changes.

2  I lived with my parents and my siblings. You've met them.
I lived with my parents and my siblings, who (that OR whom) you've met.
3. I had two sisters and an older brother. I got along well with my sisters.
I had an older brother and two sisters, who (whom) I got along well with (with whom I got along well) .
4.  My sisters and shared a room. We spent nights talking there.
My sisters and I shared a roo, where we spent nights talking.
5. My brother slept ok the living room couch. I hardly ever saw him
My brother, who (whom) I hardly ever saw, slept on the liing room couch.
6. It was a large old couch. My father had made the couch himself.
It was a large old couch, which my father had made himself.
7. My best friend lived across the hall. I saw her every day.
My best friend, who (whom) I saw every day, lived across the hall.
8 we went to the same school   we both studied English there.
We went to the same school, where we both studied English.
9. Mr. Robinson. Was our English teacher. Everyone was a little afraid of Mr. Robinson.
M. Robinso, who (whom) everyone was a little afraid of (of whom everyone was alittle aftaid), was our English teacher.
10. After school I worked on a bakery. My aunt and uncle owned it.
After school I worked in a bakery that (which) my aunt and uncle owned.
11. They sold delicious bread and cake. People stood in line for hours to buy the bread and cake.
They sold delicious bread and cake, whch people stood in line for hours to buy.
12. I took piano lessons from a woman. The woman's sister worked in the bakery
I took piano lessons from a woman whose sister worked in the bakery.
13. I remember one summer. The whole family went to the lake then
I remember one summer when the whole family went to the lake.
14. It was a great summer I'll never forget that summer.
It was a great summer, which I'll never forget.
15. My brother and sisters live far away now. I miss them.
My bother and sisters, who (whom) I miss, live far away now.
16. When we get together we like to talk about the old days. We all loved at home then.
When we get together we like to talk about the old days when we all lived at home.

4. Editing

Tai Dong, where I grew up, is a small city on the southeast coast of Taiwan. My family moved there from Taipei the summer when I was born. I don't remember our first house which we rented from a relative, but when I was two, we moved to the house that I grew up in. This house where my parents still live, is on a main street in Tai Dong. To me, this was the best place in the world. My mother had a food stand in our front courtyard where she sold omelets early in the morning. All her customers, whom I always chatted with, were friendly to me. On the first floor, my father conducted his tea business in the front room. After school, I always went straight to the corner where he sat drinking tea with his customers. In the back was our huge kitchen with its stone floor and brick oven. I loved dinnertime because the kitchen was always full of relatives and the customers that my father had invited to dinner. It was a fun and noisy place to be. Next to the kitchen, there was one small bedroom. My oldest cousin, whose father wanted him to learn the tea business, slept there. Our living room and bedrooms were upstairs. My two sisters, slept in one bedroom, and my older brother and I slept in the other. My younger sister shared a room with my grandmother, who took care of her a lot of the time. 

Unit 15

2.  Circle the correct words to complete these conversations.

2. A: Do you think Josh is still the most unpopular guy on the island?
B: He can't/ must be.  He's been lying to everybody, and now they know it.

3. A: This show is really exciting, but I may /'ve got to leave now, or I’ll be late.
B: No problem.  I can / should tape the rest of the show for you.

4. A: There's two-hour mystery on at 9:00.
B: If we watch that, we won't be able to / have to watch Big Brother at 9:00.
A: That’s what VCRs are for.  We could /'d better not watch one show and tape the other.

5. A: This mystery is good!  I think the law clerk is the killer.
B: The clerk doesn't have to /couldn't be the killer.  She was on a plane to Barbados at the time.

6. A: Is it OK if I turn the volume up?  I shouldn't /can't hear what they’re saying.
B: Sure.  But you're not able to /'d better not make it too loud, or you’ll wake the baby.

7. A: What's the matter with Chet on Fear Factor?  He's acting kind of strange.
B: He must/'d better be sick.  He had to/should eat that disgusting food, remember?

8. A: I'm going to see what's on Channel 13.  I love their nature shows.
B: Look at that cheetah run!  They have got to/ought to be the fastest animals in the world!

9. A: do you think Tara's team can /has to win the race tonight?
B: Oh, they might/couldn't win.  They’re too far behind.

10. A: Poor Rob is leaving Big Brother.  It must/might be awful to get kicked oout of the house.
B: Don't worry.  He's famous now.  I’m sure he might /'ll be able to find a job on TV.

11. A: How can /should you watch those horror movies?  They give me the creeps.
B: You 've got to /don’t have to remember that it’s all special effects.

12. A: I just heard the weather forecast.  It's going to clear up this afternoon.
B: Oh, good.  That means I don't have to /must not take my umbrella.

3. Complete this Entertainment Today interview with reality-show producer Chris Barret.  Rewrite the phrases in parentheses.   Use modals.

ET: People can't stop talking about reality TV.  Why is it so popular?
CB: I can tell/'m able to tell (have the ability to tell) you why TV producers love it.  They don't have to hire (it isn't necessary that they hire) writers or actors.  That means they can me / are able to make (have the ability to make) reality shows very cheaply.
ET: That can't be /couldn't be (I'm almost 100% certain that isn't) the reason for the huge audience, though.
CB: We might never know / may never know (it's possible we will never know) all the reasons, but viewers must love/have to love / have got to love (almost certainly love) watching ordinary people like themselves.   They might look/may look/could look (it's possible that they look) at a winner and think, “That might be/ may be/could be (it's possible that will be) me someday!”
ET: But we don't have to love (it's not necessary for us to love) all the contestants on these shows, do we?
CB: No, but we 'd beter feel/'ve got to feel (it's urgent that we feel) strongly about the contestants --- love or hate them.
ET: It must be/has to be/has got to be (I'm certain that it is) hard to find the right contestants.  What do you look for?
CB: They shouldn't have (it's advisable that they not have) problems talking about personal stuff.  We like it when they can cry/'re able to cry (have the ability to cry) in front of a camera.
ET: Maybe we should talk/ought to talk (it's advisable that we talk) about what's next for you.
CB: Next season, I might do/may do/could do (it's possible that I will do) a drama about 12 people shipwrecked on an island.
ET: No more reality TV?  You 'd better start (it's urgent that you start) looking for writers and actors!

4.  Editing
Read these posts to a reality TV message board. There are thirteen mistakes in the UAE of modals. The first mistake is already corrected. Find and correct twelve more.

Did anyone watch "Pop Idols" last night? I couldn't to be believe Jennifer Tasco didn't win! She have [has] to be the best singer on the show.

Tonight on "Get a Job," Ronald Trunk interviewed Lateesha and Sam. Trunk can only keep one of them. Who should he fires [fire]? I think he mights  [might] get rid of Lateesha, but I really believe Sam ought to go. Last week, he said he didn't  [wasn't] able to work because he had a headache. Ha! He's just lazy.

Everybody knows that Sam was really sick last week. He had to go to the doctor! If you don't know that, then you don't have to  [must not] know very much about the show. That's my guess.

I just read an interesting article about "Be Afraid."  Watching this show should  [could/might/may] be dangerous for people with an extreme fear of things like snakes or insects. So if you have that problem, you ought to  [shouldn't/'d better not] watch "Be Afraid."

"Amazing Journey" will start next summer. That's great, because I won't be in school, so I won't having  [have] to worry about missing classes to watch. They will  [could/might/may] go to Vietnam this year, but it's not certain yet.

I cried after "Housemates" on Monday. I can't  [couldn't] even sleep that night. They were so mean to Sharifa! I not might  [might not] watch this show anymore. It depends on what happens next week.

I just watched "Lose to Win."  All these people are competing to lose the most weight. This doesn't have to  [can't/must not/couldn't] be healthy! I think they exercise too hard and they have too much stress. Some people might not lose weight in a week even when they don't cheat. That's normal.

Unit 16

1.   Read the first sentence in each item.  Circle the letter of the sentence that is closest in meaning.

2. My parents ought to have moved away from that neighborhood.
a. They're going to move, but they're not sure when.
b. Moving was a good idea, but they didn't do it.

3. I should have told them what I thought.
a. I didn't tell them, and now I regret it.
b. I told them, and that was a big mistake.

4. He might have warned us about the traffic.
a. He didn't know, so he couldn't tell us.
b. He knew, but he didn't tell us.

5. Felicia could have been a vice president by now.
a. Felicia didn't become a vice president.
b. Felicia is a vice president.

6. They shouldn't have lent him their car.
a. They refused to lend him their car.
b. They lent him their car.

7. I ought not to have bought that sweater.
a. I bought the sweater.
b. I didn't buy the sweater.

2. A classis discussing an ethical problem.  Complete the discussion with the correct form of the verbs in parentheses or with short answers.  Choose between affirmative and negative.

Problem:  Greg, a college student, worked successfully for a clothing store for a year.  he spent most of his slary on books and tuition.  One week he wanted some extra money to buy a sweater to wear to a party.  He asked for a raise but his boss refused.  The same week, Greg discovered an extra sweater in a shipment he was unpacking.  It was very stylish and just his size.  Greg “borrowed” it for the weekend and then brought it back.  His boss found out and fired him.
Teacher: Should Greg's boss have given him a raise?
Student A: Yes, he should have.  After all, Greg had worked there for a whole year.  His boss shouldn't have refused at that point.
Student B: But maybe his boss couldn't afford a raise.  Anyway, Greg still shouldn't have taken ( should / take) the sweater.  It wasn't his.
Teacher: What should he have done (should / do) instead?
Student C: He might have asked (might / ask) his boss to sell him the sweater.  Then he could have paid (could / pay) for it slowly, out of his salary.
Student A: He ought to have worn (ought to / wear) his old clothes to the party.  A new sweater just wasn't worth all this trouble.
Teacher: Well, should Greg's boss have fired (should / fire) him?
Student B: No, he shouldn't have .  Greg had been a good employee for a year.  And he brought the sweater back.
Teacher: How should his boss have handled (should / handle) the situation?
Student C: He ought to have warned (ought to / warn) him.  He shouldn't have just fired (should / fire) him with out any warning.

3.  Complete Greta’s regrets or complains about the past using the modals in parentheses.  Choose between affirmative and negative.

1. I didn't go to college.  Now I'm unhappy with my job.
(should) I should have gone to college.

2. My brother quit a good job, and now he's sorry.  I knew it was a mistake, but I didn't warn him.  How inconsiderate of me.
(might) I might have warned him.

3. I feel sick.  I ate all the chocolate.
(should) I shouldn't have eaten all the chocolate.

4. Christina didn't come over.  She didn't even call.
(might) She might have called.

5. I didn't have enough money to buy the shirt.  Why didn't Ed offer to lend me some?
(could) He could have offered to lend me some money.

6. I jogged five miles yesterday, and now I'm exhausted.
(should) I shouldn't have jogged five miles.

7. The supermarket charged me for the plastic bag.  They used to be free.
(should) They shouldn't have charged me for the plastic bag.

8. I didn't do the laundry yesterday, so I don't have any clean socks.  Everyone else gets their laundry done on time.  Why can't I?
(ought to) I ought to have done the laundry.

9. I didn't invite Cynthia to the party.  Now she's angry at me.
(should) I should have invited her to the party.

10. Yesterday was my birthday, and my brother didn't send me a card.  I'm hurt.
(might) He might have sent me a card.

4.  Editing.  Read this journal entry.  There are six mistakes in the use of modals.  The first mistake is already corrected.  Find and correct five more.

December 15

About a week ago, Jennifer was late for work again and Doug, our boss, told me he wanted to fire her.  I was really upset.  Of course, Jennifer shouldn't had [have] been late so often, but he might has [have] talked to her about the problem before he decided to let her go.  Then he told me to make her job difficult for her so that she would quit.  I just pretended I didn't hear him.  What a mistake!  I ought a [to] have confronted him right away.  Or I could at least have warned Jennifer.  Anyway, Jennifer is still here, but now I'm worried about my own job.  Should I of [have] told Doug's boss?  I wonder.  Maybe I should handle [have handled] things differently last week.  The company should never has [have] hired this guy.

Unit 17

2. Circle the correct words to complete the review of von Däniken’s book, Chariot of the Gods?

Who could have make / made the Nazca lines?  Who could have carve / carved the Easter Island statues?  According to Erich von Däniken, ancient achievements like these are mysteries because our ancestors could not have / had created these things on their own.  His solution: They must / couldn't have gotten help from space visitors.
Von Däniken's readers may not realize that experiments have helped explain some of these “mysteries.”  Von Däniken asks: How may / could the Nazcans have planned the lines from the ground?  Archaeologists now believe that this civilization might have / has developed flight.  They think ancient Nazcans may draw / have drawn pictures of hot-air balloons on pottery.  To test the theory, archaeologists built a similar balloon with Nazcan materials.  The balloon soared high enough to view the Nazca lines, showing that Nazcans themselves could / couldn't have designed the pictures from the air.
But what about the Easter Island statues?  Did / Could islanders have carved the huge statues from hard rock with primitive tools?  And how could only 2,000 people had / have moved them?

3.  Now complete the rest of the review from Exercise 2.  Use the verbs in parentheses.

Von Däniken and early explores thought the island’s ancient culture must have been simple.  They assumed that Easter Island must not have had (must not /have) many natural resources, so it couldn't have supported (couldn't / support) a civilization.  They were wrong.  Studies have shown that a large population and a complex culture could have developed (could / develop) on the island.  Large palm trees once grew there.  Islanders must have made (must / make) large boats from the trees and must have fished (must / fish) in deep water because ancient garbage dumps are full of the bones of deep sea fish.  Ancient islanders must have eaten (must / eat) very well, and as many as 15,000 people may have lived (may / live) on the island.  From trees, they could have made (could / make) ropers to pull their statues.  In 1994, DNA tests proved that the islanders had to have come (had to / come) from Polynesia, where there is a tradition of ancestor worship.  But doubts remained---in the language of Rapa Nui (Easter Island), the statues are called the living faces of our ancestors.  How could the Nazca people have called (could /call) these lifeless images “living faces”?  Then Sergio Rapu a Rapa Nui archaeologist, realized that the statues must have had (must / have) coral eyes.  Pieces of coral he had found fit one of the statues perfectly, and its face seemed to come to life.  Scientists are still experimenting with ways islanders might have moved (might / move) the huge images.  However, now no one says, “The people of Rapa Nui couldn't' have created (couldn't / create) these statues.”

4.  Read about these puzzling events.  Then rewrite the answers to the questions about their causes.  Substitute a modal phrase for the underlined words.

2.  Probably, dinosaurs didn’t survive the cold. (must not)
Dinosaurs must not have survivied the cold.

3. It’s been suggested that a huge meteor hit the Earth. (might)
A huge meteor might have hit the Earth.

4. A Bigfoot didn’t kidnap Ostman --- that’s impossible.  (couldn’t)
A Bigfood couldn't have kdnapped Ostman.

5. Ostman probably saw a bear. (must)
Ostman must have seen a bear.

6. It’s possible thatOstman dreamed about a Bigfoot.  (could)
Ostman could have dreamed about a Bigfoot.

7. Most likely, the man changed the photo. (have to)
The man had to have changed the photo.

8. Perhapsthe an saw a large fish.  (might)
The man might have seen a large fish.

9. It’s possible that the man saw a dead tree trunk. (may)
The man may have seen a dead tree trunk.

10.  It’s very unlikely that a dinosaur was in the lake. (couldn’t)
A dinosaur couldn't have been in the lake.

5  Some archaeology students are asking questions in class.  Use the modals in parentheses to write short answers.

2. A: Is it possible that the Nazcan lines were ancient streets?
B: They couldn't have been. (could not).  Some of them just lead to the tops of mountains and then end abruptly.

3. A: Do you think the Nazcans used them during religious ceremonies?
B: They might have. (might).  But we have no proof.

4. A: Do you think the people on Rapa Nui built the giant statues themselves?
B: They could have. (could).  They had the knowledge and the tools.

5. A: Did the original settlers of Rapa Nui come from Polynesia?
B: They must have. (must).  There’s a lot of scientific evidence to support this.

6. A: Von Däniken says that many ancient artifacts show pictures of astronauts.  Could these pictures have illustrated anything closer to Earth?
B: They may have. (may).  It’s possible that the pictures show people dressed in local costumes.

7. A: Was von Däniken upset by all the criticism he received?
B: He might not have been. (might not).  After all, it created more interest in his books.

8. A: Do you think von Däniken helped increase general interest in archaeology?
B: He must have. (must).  Just look at how many of you are taking this class!

6.  Read this student’s essay about Easter Island.  There are ten mistakes in the use of modals.  The first mistake is already corrected.  Find and correct nine more.

Rapa Nui (Easter Island) is a tiny island in the middle of the Pacific.  To get there. the first settlers had to had [have] traveled more than 1,000 miles in open boats.  Some scientists believed only the Polynesians of the Pacific islands could have make [made] the journey.  Others thought that Polynesians couldn't have carved the huge stone statues on Rapa Nui.  They believed Mayans or Egyptians maybe [may] have traveled there.  (Some people even said that space aliens might [have] helped!)  Finally, a University of Oslo scientist was able to study the DNA from ancient skeletons.  Professor Erika Halberg announced, “These people has [had] to have been he descendants of Polynesians.”
We now know that the islanders built the statues, but we have also learned that they must had [have] soled even more difficult problems.  The first settlers came some time between A.D. 400 and 700.  At first, Rapa Nui must be [have been] a paradise with its fishing, forests, and good soil.  Their society may have grown too fast for the small island, however,.  Botanical studies show that by the 1600s they had cut down the last tree.  The soil must not have washed away, so they couldn't farm [have farmed].  And with no wood for boats, they couldn't have been able to fish.  For a period of time, people starved and fought violently, but when the Dutch discovered Rapa Nui in 1722, they found peaceful, healthy population growing fields of vegetables.  How could the islanders could have learned in this sort period of time to live peacefully with so few resources?  For our trouble world today, this might be the most important “mystery of Easter Island.”

Unit 22

1. Match the conditions with the results.

Condition Result
d. 1. If I lend someone my baseball bar, a.  you could have an allergy.
2.e 3.f 4. a 5. c 6. b

Now write the sentences that are superstitions.

1. If I lend someone my baseball bat, I won’t hit a home run.
2. If I give my boyfriend a new pair of shoes, he’ll walk out of the relationship.
3. If I use my lucky pen, I’ll get a good grade on the test.

2. Two students are talking about a test.  Complete their conversations with if or unless.

1.
’s midnight.  Unless we get some sleep, we won't do well tomorrow.
EVA: But I won't be able to sleep unless I stop worrying about the test.
YUKI: Here's my rabbit foot.  If you put it in your pocket, you’ll do fine!

2.
EVA: I found my blue shirt! If I wear my blue shirt today, I know I'll pass!
YUKI: Great.  Now if we just clean up the room, we can leave for school.
EVA: We can't clean up!  There's a Russian superstition that says: If you clean your room, you’ll get a bad test grade!

3.
YUKI: If we finish the test by noon, we can go to the job fair.
EVA: I want to get a job, but nobody is going to hire me unless I pass this test.

4.
EVA: I'm looking for my lucky pen. Unless I find it, I won't pass the test!
YUKI: Don't worry. If you use the same pen that you used to study with, you'll do great!  The pen will remember the answers.

5.
EVA: I was so nervous without my lucky pen.  It'll be a miracle if I pass.
YUKI: I don't believe in miracles! If you study, you'll do well.  It's that simple.

6.
EVA: Do you think Eastward will offer me a job if I fill out an application?
YUKI: Only if you use your lucky pen.  I'm kidding!  You won't know unless you try!

3.   Complete the superstitions.  Use the correct form of the verbs in parentheses.

• If you spill (spill) salt at the breakfast table, you ‘ll have (have) an argument. (Russia)
• If  a cat washes (wash) behind its ears, it'll rain (rain).  (England)

• If  you walk (walk) under a ladder, you'll have (have) bad luck.  (North America)

• If  you sweep (sweep) the dir and just out of your house through the front door, you'll sweep (sweep) away your family's good luck. (China)

• If  your right hand is (be) itchy, you'll get (get) money. If  your left hand itches (itch), you'll give (give) money. (Greece)

• If  somebody throws (throw) away a dead mouse, the wind'll start (start) to blow from that direction. (Iceland)

• If  you sit (sit) at the corner of the table, you'll not get  (not get) married.  (Slovakia)

• If  you throw (throw) red beans at a newly married couple, they'll have (have) good luck.  (Mexico)

4.
Eva is thinking of working for Eastward.  Her friend Don, who use dot work there, thinks it’s a terrible idea.  Write his responses.  Use the words in parentheses and future real conditional sentences.

1.
EVA: If I work for Eastward, I'm going to be happy.  I'm sure of it.
DON: If you work for Eastward, you're not going to be happy.  You're going to be miserable.  (miserable).

EVA: You're such a pessimist!  I'll have the chance to travel a lot if I take this job.
DON: Not true. If you talk the job, you won't have the chance to toravel a lot.  You'll never leave the office.  (never leave the office)

EVA: But I'll get a raise every year if I stay at Eastward.
DON: If you stay at Eastward, you won't get a raise every year.  You'll get one (OR raise) every two years.   (ever two years)

EVA: Well, if I join Eastward, I'm going to have wonderful health care benefits.
DON: Stay healthy! If you join Eastward you're not going to have wonderful health care benefits.  You'll have terrible health care benefits.　(terrible health care benefits)

EVA: If I go to Eastward, I'll have helpful co-workers.
DON: If you go to Eastward, you won't have helpful co-workers.  You'll have uncooperative co-workers.  (uncooperative)

EVA: I don't believe you!  If I accept Eastward's offer, it will be the best career move of my life.
DON: Believe me, If you accept Eastward's offer, it won't be the best career move of your life.  It will be the worst. (the worst)

5.
Yuki Tamari is not sure whether to go to law school.  She make a decision tree to help her decide.  In the tree, arrows connect the conditions and the results.  Write future real conditional sentences about her decision.  Use may, might or could if the result is uncertain.

1. If I go to law school, I might take out student loans.
2. I'll be in debt for years if I take out student loans.
3. If I take out student loans, I'll have to depend on my family.  OR I'll have to depend on my family if I take out student loans.
4.If I go to law school, I'll earn more money.  OR I'll earn more money if I go to law school.
5.If I earn more money, I'll pay back my loans quickly.  OR I'll pay back my loans quickly if I earn more money.
6.If I pay back my loans quickly, I'll put my sister through college.  OR I'll put my sister through college if I pay back my loans quickly.
7. If I go to law school, I may/might/could/ go into politics. OR I may/might/could/ go into politics if I go to law school.
8. If I go into politics, I'll be able to improve life for others. OR I'll be able to improve life for others if I go into politics.
9.If I go into politics, I might/may/could/ get elected to city council.  OR I might/may/could/ get elected to city council if I go into politics.
10.If I get elected to city council, I might/may/could/ run for mayor. OR I might/may/could/ run for mayor if I get elected to city council.

6. EDITING
Read Yuki's journal entry.  There are seven mistakes in the use of future real conditionals.  The first mistake is already corrected.  Find and correct six more.  Don't forget to check punctuation.

October 1
Should I campaign for student council president?  I'll have to decide soon if I wanted [want] to run.  If I'll be [I'm] busy campaigning,  I won't have much time to study.  That's a problem because I'm not going to get into law school if I get [unless I get OR if I don't get] good grades this year.  On the other hand, there's so much to do in this school, and nothing is getting [will get OR is going to get] done if Todd Laker becomes president again.  A lot of people know that.  But will I know what to do if I'll [I] get the job?  Never mind.  I'll deal with that problem, if I win.  If I become president, I [I'll OR I'm going to] cut my hair.  That always brings me good luck.

1. Read the numbered statements.  Decide if the sentences that follow are true (T) or (F).

2. If it weren't so cold, I would go fishing.
T a.  It's cold.
F b.  I'm going fishing.

3. If I caught an enchanted fish, I would make three wishes.
F a.  I believe I'm going to catch an enchanted fish.
F b.  I'm going to make three wishes.

4. If I had three wishes, I wouldn't ask for a palace.
F a.  I have three wishes.
T b.  I don’t want a palace.

5. If my house were too small, I would try to find a bigger one.
T a.  My house is big enough.
T b.  I'm not looking for a bigger house right now.

6. If I got a raise, I could buy a new car.
F a.  I recently got a raise.
T b.  I want a new car.

7. If we didn't earn enough money, I might train for a better job.
F a.  We don't earn enough money.
F b.  I'm training for a better job.

8. Your friend tells you, “If I were  you, I wouldn't change jobs.”
T a.  Your friend is gibing you advice.
T b.  Your friend thinks you shouldn’t change jobs.

9. I wish I were a princess.
F a.  I'm a princess.
T b.  I want to be a princess.

10. I wish I lived in a big house.
T a.  I want to live in a big house.
T b.  I don't live in a big house.

2. Complete this article from a popular psychology magazine.  Use the correct form of the verbs.

Marry Hijab has always wanted to invite his whole family over for the holidays, but his apartment is small, and his family is very large.  “If I invited (invite) them all for dinner, there wouldn't be (not be) enough room for everyone to sit down,” he told a friend.  If Marty were (be) a complainer, he would moan (moan) about the size of his apartment and spend the holiday at his parents' house.  But Marty is a problem solver.  This year he is hosting an open house.  People can drop in at different times during the day, and there will be room for everyone.
“If life were (be) a fairy tale, we could wish (can/wish) problems away,” noted therapist Joel Grimes.  “What complainers are really saying is, ‘if I had (have) a magical solution, I wouldn't have to deal (not have to deal) with this myself.’ I wish it were (be) that easy,” says Grimes.  He gives an example of a very wealthy client who complains about his limited time for his family.   “he's waiting for a miracle to give him the time he needs.  But if he thought (think) about the problem creatively, he could find (can/find) the time,” says Grimes.
Even the rich have limited time, money, and space.  If complainers realized (realize) this, then they would understand (understand) that there will always be problems.  They could then stop complaining and look for solutions.  Marty is a student.  If he insisted (insist) on a bigger apartment for his party, he might have to wait (may/have to wait) for years before inviting his family over.  Instead, he is creatively solving his problems right now.
There’s an old saying: “If wishes were (be) horses, then beggars could ride (can / ride).”  But wishes aren't horses.  We have to learn to create our own good fortune and not wait for a genie with three wishes to come along and solve our problems.

3 In his practice, psychologist Joel Grimes hears all types of excuses from his clients. Rewrite these excuses using the present unreal conditional.

2. My husband's not ambitious.  That's why he doesn't ask for a raise.
If my husband were ambitions, he would ask for a raise. OR My husband would ask for a raise if he were ambitions.

3. I'm not in shape.  That's why I don't play sports.
If I were in shape, I'd play sports. OR I'd play sports if I were in shape.

4. I don't have enough time.  That's why I'm not planning to study for the exam.
If I had enough time, I would (plan to) study for the exam.  OR I would (plan to) study for the examf I had enough time.

5. I'm too old.  That's why I'm not going back to school.
If I weren't too old, I would go back to school.  OR I would go back to school if I weren't too old.

6. My boss doesn't explain things properly.  That's why I can't do my job.
If my boss explaained things properly, I could (OR would be able to) do my job. OR I could (OR would be able to) do my job if my boss explained things properly.

7. I'm not good at math.  That's why I don't balance my checkbook.
If I were good at math, I would balance my checkbook.  OR I would balance my checkbook if I were good at math.

8. I feel nervous all the time.  That's why I can't stop smoking.
If I didn't feel nervous all the time, I could (OR would be able to) stop smoking.  OR I  could (OR would be able to) stop smoking if I didn't feel nerous all the time.

9. I'm so tired.  That's why I get up so late.
If I weren't so tired, I wouldn't get up so late.  OR I wouldn't get up so late if I weren't so tired.

4. Remember the fish from the fairy tale on page 336-337?  Read the things the fish would like to change.  Then write sentences with wish.

2. I'm not a handsome prince.
I wish I were a handsome prince.

3. I live in the sea.
I wish I didn't live in the sea.

4. I don't live in a castle.
I wish I lived in a castle.

5. I have to swim all day long.
I wish I didn't have to swim all day long.

6. I am not married to a princess.
I wish I were married to a princess.

7. The fisherman comes here every day.
I wish the fisherman didn't come here every day.

8. His wife always wants more.
I wish his wife didn't always want more.

9. She isn't satisfied.
I wish she were satisfied.

10. They don't leave me alone.
I wish they left (OR would leave) me alone.

5. Marty is having his pen house holiday party.  His nieces and nephews are playing a fantasy question game.  Write questions using the present unreal conditional.

2. What / you / do / if / you / be the leader of this country?
What would you do if you were the leader of the country?

3. How / you / feel / if / you / never need to sleep?
How would you feel if you never needed to sleep?

4. What / you / do / if / you / have more free time?
What would you do if you had more free time?

5. What / you / ask for / if / you / have three wishes?
What would you ask for if you had three wishes?

6. What / you / do / if / you / not have to work?
What would you do if you didn't have to work?

7. Where / you / travel / if / you / have a ticket for anywhere in the world?
Where would you travel if you had a ticket for anywhere in the world?

8. If / you / can build anything  / what / it / be?
If you could build anything, what would it be?

9. If / you / can meet a famous person / who / you / want to meet?
If you could meet a famous person, who would you want to meet?

10. Who / you / have dinner with / if / you can invite three famous people?
Who would you have dinner with if you could invite three famous people?

6. Editing
Read part of a book report that Marty's niece wrote.  There are eight mistakes in the use of the present unreal conditional.  The first mistake is already corrected.  Find and correct seven more.

NAME: Laila Hijab CLASS: English 4

The Disappearance

What would happen to the women if all the men in the world would disappear [disappeared] ?  What would happen to the men when [if] there were no women?  Philip Wiley's 1951 science-fiction novel, The Disappearance, addresses these intriguing questions.  The answers show us how society has changed since the 1950s.

According to Wiley, if men and women live [lived] in different worlds, the results would be catastrophic.  In Wiley's vision, men are too aggressive to survive on their own, and women are too helpless.  If women didn't control them, men will [would] start more wars.  If men aren't [weren't] there to pump gas and run the businesses, women wouldn't be able to manage.

If Wiley is [were] alive today, would he write the same novel?  Today, a lot of men take care of their children, and a lot of women run businesses.  If Wiley were here to see these changes, he learns [would learn] that men are not more warlike than women, and women are not more helpless than men.

I think if all people, both men and women, learned to cooperate more, the world will [would] be a much better place.

Unit 24

1.         Read the numbered statements.  Decide if the sentences that follow are true (T) or (F).

2.         She would’ve watched the movie last night if she hadn’t seen it before.
            F       a.  She watched the movie last night.
            T       b.  She saw the movie before.

3.         I would have recorded the movie if my DVD recorder had not stopped working.
            F      a.  I recorded the movie.
            T       b.  My DVD recorder broke.

4.         If George Bailey hadn’t been depressed, he wouldn’t have wanted to jump off the bridge.
           T       a.  George was depressed.
           T       b.  George wanted to jump off the bridge.

5.         If George hadn’t saved his brother’s life, his brother wouldn’t have become a war hero.
            F       a.  George didn’t save his brother’s life.
            T       b.  George’s brother became a war hero.

6.         George wouldn’t have met Mary if he had left town.
            T       a.  George met Mary.
            F       b.  George left town.

7.         George would have been happy if he had liked his job.
            T      a.  George wasn’t happy.
            F       b.  George liked his job.

8.         George says, “I wish I had traveled around the world.”
            T       a.  George feels sad that he hasn’t traveled around the world.
            F       b.  George has traveled around the world.

2.         Complete George's thoughts about the past.  Use the correct form of the words in parentheses.

2.         I couldn't go into the army because I was deaf in one ear.  I  would have gone into the army if I hadn't lost the hearing in that ear.
3.         Mary and I weren't able to go on a honeymoon.  We could have gone away if my father hadn't gotten sick.

4.         My uncle lost $8,000 of the company's money.  I wouldn't have felt so desperate if he had found the money.

5.         I'm so unhappy about losing my father's business.  I wish I had never been born.

6.         Clarence shoed me how the world would look without me.  I  wouldn't have known that I was so important if Clarence hadn't shown me.

7.         If I  hadn't rescued my brother, wouldn't have saved all those lives when he was a soldier.

8.         My old boss once almost made a terrible mistake.  If I  hadn't helped him, he might have gone to jail.

9.         Mary wouldn't have been happy if she hadn't met me.

10.       Many people couldn't have bought new homes if we hadn't stayed in business all these years.

11.       Life here really would have been worse if I hadn't been born.

3          These characters in the movie feel bad about some things.  Read their regrets. Then write their wishes.

2.         Mr. Gower (George’s childhood employer): I hit little George when he was trying to help me.  I wasn't nice to him.
I wish I hadnt hit little George when he was trying to help me. I wish I had been nice to him.

3.         George: My father had a heart attack.  I had to stay and run the business.
I wish my father hadn't had a heart attack. I wish I I hadn't had to stay and run the bvusiness.

4.         Mary (George’s wife): We weren't able to go on a honey moon.  We needed the money to save the business.
I wish we had been able to go on a honeymoon. I wish we hadn't needed the money to save the business.

5.         Mr. Potter (the meanest person in town): I wasn't able to trick George out of his business.  He didn't accept my offer to buy his business.
I wish I had been able to trick George out of his business. I wish he had accepted my offer to buy his business.

6.         Billy (George's uncle): I lost $8,000.  George got into trouble with the law because of me.
I wish I hadn't lost $8,000. I wish George hadn't gotten into trouble with the law because of me.

7.         George's daughter: Daddy was upset about the business.  He yelled at us last night.
I wish Daddy hadn't been upset about the business. I wish he hdan't yelled at us last night.

8.         George's friends: We didn't know about George's troubles earlier.  We didn't help him immediately.
We wish we had known about George's troubles earlier. We wish we had helped him immediately.

4.         Actor Michael J. Fox starred in Back to the Future, another movie that explores what would have happned if something in the past had been different.  Read about Fox.  Using the words in parentheses, combine each pair of sentences to make one past unreal conditional sentence. 

2.         Fox quit high school in order to act.  He didn't graduate. (would)
If Fox hadn't quit high school in order to act, he would have graduated.

3.         Fox moved to Los Angeles.  He got several roles on TV. (might)
If Fox hadn't moved to Los Angeles, he might not have gotten several roles on TV.

4.         He met Tracey Pollan on the TV show Family Ties. They got married. (might)
If he hadn't met Tracey Pollan on the TV show Family Ties, they might not have gotten married.

5.         Fox was very successful on TV.  He got the leading role in Back to the Future. (would).
If Fox hadn't been very successful on TV, he wouldn't have gotten the leading role in Back to the Future

6.         Actor Eric Stolz didn't remain in Back to the Future. Fox played the lead. (could).
If actor Eric Stolz had remained in Back to the Future, Fox couldn't have played the lead.

7.         Fox didn't have free time.  He didn't watch old movies and sports on TV. (could)
If Fox had had free time, he could have watched old movies and sports on TV.

8.         He became ill.  He didn't stay in his TV series Spin City. (would)
If he hadn't become ill, he would have stayed in his TV series Spin City.

9.         Fox stopped working.  He wrote a book called Lucky Man about his life and illness. (might)
If Fox hadn't stopped working, he might not have written a book called Lucky Man about his life and illness.

10.       He developed Parkinson's disease.  He started an organization to search for a cure. (would)
If he hadn't developed Parkinson's disease, he wouldn't have started an organization to search for a cure.

5.         Marty is having his pen house holiday party.  His nieces and nephews are playing a fantasy question game.  Write questions using the present unreal conditional.

2.         What / you / do / if / you / be the leader of this country?
What would you do if you were the leader of this country?

3.         How / you / feel / if / you / never need to sleep?
How would you feel if you never needed to sleep?

4.         What / you / do / if / you / have more free time?
What would you do if you had more free time?

5.         What / you / ask for / if / you / have three wishes?
What would you ask for if you had tree wishes?

6.         What / you / do / if / you / not have to work?
What would you do if you did not have to work?

7.         Where / you / travel / if / you / have a ticket for anywhere in the world?
Where would you travel if you had a ticket for anywhere in the world?

8.         If / you / can build anything  / what / it / be?
What would it be if you could build anything?

9.         If / you / can meet a famous person / who / you / want to meet?
Who would you want to meet if you could meet a famous person?

10.       Who / you / have dinner with / if / you can invite three famous people?
Who would you have dinner with if you could invite three famous people?

5.         Editing
Read this journal entry.  There are eight mistakes in the use of the past unreal conditional.  The first mistake is already corrected.   Find and correct seven more.

Tonight we rented the movie Back to the Future.  I thought it was great, and I usually don't like science fiction movies.  I might never had [have] seen it if I hadn't read fox's autobiography, Lucky Man. His book was so good that I wanted to see his most famous movie. Now I wish I saw [had seen] it in the theater when it rirst came out. It would have been better if we would have [had] watched it on a big screen. Michael J. Fox was very good. He looked really young–I would have recognized him even when [if] I hadn't known he was in the film.
            In the movie, Marty McFly goes back in time. He wants to change the past in order to improve his present life as a teenager. It's a funny idea, but it's very different from Fox's real philosophy. He's had a lot of problems in his life, but he still calls himself “Lucky Man.” As a teenager, he was too small to become a professional hockey player–but if he hadn't looked so young, he can't [couldn't] have gotten his role in the TV hit series Family Ties. In Hollywood, he had to sell his furniture to pay his bills, but he kept trying to find acting jobs. If he wouldn't have[hadn't] , he might never have become a star. Getting Parkinson's disease was a terrible blow, but he has even turned that into something good.  If Fox hasn't [hadn't] become sick, he might never had [have] become so close to his family. And he wouldn't have started the Michael J. Fox foundation to help find a cure.

Unit 25

2.         Complete the student's essay with the correct words.

Once when I was a teenager, I went to my Aunt Leah's house.  Aunt Leah collected pottery, and as soon as I got there, she told me she  wanted to show me her new bowl.  She said she had just bought it.  It was beautiful.  When Aunt Leah went to answer the door, I picked up the bowl to examine it.  It slipped from my hands and smashed to pieces on the floor.  As Aunt Leah walked back into the room, I screamed and said that the cat had just broken her new bowl. Aunt Leah got this funny look on her face and told me that it really wasn't very important.
    I didn't sleep at all that night, and the next morning I called my aunt and told her that I had broken her bowl. She said she'd know that all along. We still laugh about the story today.

3.         Look at the pictures. Rewrite the statements as indirect speech. Use said  as the reporting verb and make necessary changes in the verbs and pronouns.

2. He said (that) his car had broken down (OR broke down).         
3. He said (that) he had to drive his aunt to the airport.  
4. She said (that) she exercised (OR excersises).         
5. He said (that) he had just mailed (OR he just mailed) the check.            
6. He said (that) he was (OR he's) 35.

4.         Rewrite Lisa and Ben’s conversation using indirect speech. Use the reporting verbs in parentheses. Make necessary changes in the verbs and pronouns.

3.         LISA:   The starting salary is good.
            (say)  Lisa said (that) the starting salary was (OR is) good.    

4.         BEN:   I need more monery.
            (say)  Ben said (that) he needed(OR needs) more money.     

5.         LISA:   They want someone with some experience as a programmer.
            (say)  She said (that) they wanted(OR want) someone with some experience as a programmer.       

6.         BEN:   Well, I work as a programmer for Data Systems.
            (tell) He told her (that) he worked (OR works) as a programmer for Data Systems.       

7.         LISA:   Oh–they need a college graduate.
            (say)  Lisa said (that) they needed (OR need) a college graduate.       

8.         BEN:   Well, I graduated from Florida State.
            (tell) He told her (that) he had graduated (OR graduated) from Florida State.       

9.         LISA:   But they don’t want a recent graduate.
            (say)  She said (that) they didn't (OR don't) want a recent graduate.       

10.       BEN:   I got my degree four years ago.
            (tell)  He told her (that) he had gotten (OR got) his degree four years ago.        

11.       LISA:   It sounds like the right job for you.
            (tell)  She told him (that) it sounded like the right job for him.        

12.       BEN:   I think so too.
            (say)  He said (that) he thought so too.    

5.         Editing
Read article.  There are eight mistakes in the use of direct and indirect speech. The first mistake is already corrected.   Find and correct seven more.

Everyone gets urgent e-mail messages. They tell you that Bill Gates now wanted [wants] to give away his money–to YOU! They say [tell] you that a popular floor cleaner kills family pets. They report that your computer monitor had [has]taken photographs of you. Since I'm a good-hearted person, I used to forward these e-mails to all my friends. Not long ago, a very annoyed friend explains [explained] that the story about killer bananas was a hoax (an untrue story). He told me about these common tell tale signs of hoaxes:

            ! The e-mail always says that it was [is] very urgent. It has lots of exclamation points.

            ! It tell you that it is not a hoax and quotes important people. (The quatations are false.)

            ! It urges you to send the e-mail to everyone you know.

He also told [said] that Hoaxbusters (http: hoaxbusters.org) had lists of internet hoaxes. You can avoid the embarrassment of forwarding all your friends a false warning. So, before you announce that sunscreen had [has] made people blind, check out the story Hoaxbusters!