eng_ib

Every year about five million people die because of poor drinking water, poor sanitation or dirty home conditions.

飲み水が足りなかったり、衛生状態が悪かったり、住居環境が汚いために毎年約５百万もの人々が死にます。

▶　主語が三人称単数（he, she , it）の時、以下の動詞はどのように変化するでしょうか。例にならい、３つに分類しましょう。

▶　以下の語句を使い、水の問題についての英文を完成させましょう。（動詞の形がかわる場合があります。）

We all know that most of the earth's surface is covered by water ---75 percent. What many people don't (^1. know), however, is that only 2.5 percent of it is fresh water, and less than 0.08 percent of that (^2. is) available for human use. The population is growing quickly and is expect to double from six billion people today to around 12 billion people by 2050. If we (^3.are) not careful, we could have a serious global water shortage.

Other water concerns (^4.are) lack of rainfall and pollution. Many countries (^5.pollute) rivers and lakes with untreated water. This makes it unsafe to use in places that (^6.do) not have water treatment facilities. Unsafe water (^7.causes) disease, and with disease comes death. We also (^8.waste) a lot of water. In London, for example, the water that (^9.escapes) from holes in old water pipes is enough to fill 300 Olympic-size swimming pools every day. Finally, many of us in rich countries overuse water. People in rich countries often (^10.consume) more than 100 liters of water for a single shower.

Now, more than ever, governments, businesses and individuals (^11.need) to protect water as a precious natural resource. Our lives depend on it.

▶　大学生がケニヤの家族について書きました。例にならい、現在形に関する誤りをあと12個探し、訂正しましょう。

Many families in Kenya has [have] no running water or flush toilets, so they ~~reuses~~ [reuse] as much water as they can. They ~~brushing~~ [brush] their teeth using one cup of water each and ~~are~~ wash their faces with about two cups. They ~~use often~~ [often use] the same water to wash their faces. They ~~takes~~ [take] "splash bathes" with about 5 liters of water each. They ~~boiles~~ [boil] water for drinking so that they ~~doesn't~~ [don’t] get sick. The mother ~~is boil~~ [boils] water for cooking and ~~reusing~~ [reuses] it to wash the dishes. Then she ~~giving~~ [gives] the water to their goat. Everyone ~~depend~~ [depends] on rainwater for watering crops, and only the rich people ~~are having~~ [have] enough money to collect and store rainwater for personal use.

▶　以下は英語でよく使われる動詞です。規則変化動詞と不規則変化動詞が混じっています。これらの動詞の過去形を書きましょう。

10. saw 11. came 12. thought 13. looked 14. wanted 15. gave 16. used 17. found 18. told

▶　以下の語句を適切な形にかえて、ウォルト・ディズニーについての英文を完成させましょう。その後、答えをCDで確認しましょう。

Walter Elias Disney (^1. was) born in Chicago, Illinois on December 5, 1901. During his childhood, he (^2. lived ) on a farm in the state of Missouri. Walt (^3. drew) pictures from an early age. His neighbors even bought some of his sketches when he (^4. was) around seven years old.

He (^5. began) working as a cartoonist for advertisements in 1919, and in 1920 he made his first original animated cartoon. Walt's fist full-length animated film, Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, showed in Los Angeles on December 21, 1937. He later (^6. found) a way to combine live action and animation, a technique he (^7. used) in films such as Mary Poppins.

One day Walt (^8. had) a vision of a place where children and their parents could have fun together in a "magical world." Walt's vision (^9.became) a reality on July 17, 1955 when the first Disneyland theme park (^10. opened) in Anaheim, California.

Walt Disney (^11. died) on December 15, 1966 at the age of 65. He (^12. brought) joy and happiness to both children and adults all over the world, and his name lives on today.

▶　ディズニー・ランドに行った大学生が書いた文です。例にならい、過去形に関する誤りとあと14個探し、訂正しましょう。

On Sunday I go [went] to Tokyo Disneyland with three of my friends. We got up really early in the morning and ~~drived~~ [drove] there. We arrived at 8:00 a.m., but there ~~were~~ [was] already a long line of people waiting to get in. We ~~payed~~ [paid] for our tickets and ~~running~~ [ran] to Space Mountain. The sign ~~sayed~~ [said] the waiting time was 45 minutes, so we decided to wait in line. After we ~~rided~~ [rode] Space Mountain, we ~~take~~ [took] a few more rides and then we ~~eated~~ [ate] lunch. In the afternoon we ~~watching~~ [watched] a parade and ~~sawed~~ [saw] Mickey, Minnie, Goofy and many other Disney characters. Then we ~~buyed~~ [bought] some souvenirs and ~~going~~ [went] home. We ~~was~~ [were] tired, but we really ~~enjoied~~ [enjoyed] ourselves!

▶　以下の１〜10の命令文はどのように使われるでしょうか。例にならい、ふさわしい場面を右から選びましょう。

▶　以下の語句を使い、勉強とアルバイトの両方についての英文を完成させましょう。

Part-time work is an important part of life for many students. In Japan four out of five junior college and university students work part-time. Finding a way to balance a part-time job with studies is not always easy, however. Here are some suggestions that might help.

1. (^1. Make) as much money as you can during summer holidays and other periods when there are no classes. After classes start, (^2. work) less to give yourself more time for schoolwork and club activities.

2. (^3. Find) a job that gives you choices about the days and the number of hours you work.

3. (^4. Be) flexible yourself. If your employer asks you to work on a day that you were not scheduled to work, (^5. agree) to do so if you can. This will help build a good relationship with your employer.

4. (^6. Don’t work) too much! Of course, more work means more money, but (^7. don’t let) your work become more important than school. (^8. Make sure) you have at least one or two nights for yourself.

5 (^9. Start) with 8 or 10 hours a week, and then (^10. increase) your hours if you have the time and energy to work more.

1. What percentage of Japanese junior college and university students work part-time?

2. What is NOT mentioned as something you need to consider when choosing a part-time?

▶　インターナショナルホテルでアルバイトの面接をうけるラミッシュは、リュウジにメールでアドバイスを求めました。以下はそれに対するリュウジの返信です。例にならい、命令文に関する誤りをあと９個探し、訂正しましょう。

1. ~~You don’t~~ [Don’t] be late for the interview. ~~Arriving~~ [Arrive] about 10 minutes early.

2. ~~You are wearing~~ [Wear] nice clothes. ~~No wear~~ [Don’t wear] jeans or a T-shirt.

3. Always ~~smiling~~ [smile], and to remember to look at the interviewer when you speak.

4. ~~Not to~~ [Don’t] ask questions until the interviewer finishes asking you questions.

5. ~~Tells~~ [Tell] the interviewer that you really want to work at the hotel, and ~~you no~~ [don’t] forget to say thank you before you leave.

▶　例にならい、以下の名詞の複数形を書きましょう。不可算名詞にはNCと書きましょう

▶　以下の語句を使い、世界発のコンビにについての英文を完成させましょう（大文字や複数形にある場合があります）。

Back in 1927 John Jefferson “Uncle Johnny” Green operated the Southland Ice Dock near Dallas, Texas. In those days only rich people owned (^1. refrigerators) so people would go to the store to buy (^2. ice ) for their ice boxes. An 11-kilogram block of ice cost 11 (^3. cents) and would last for a couple of days during the hot summer months.

One day Uncle Johnny realized that (^4. people) sometimes needed to buy things when the neighborhood grocery stores were closed. Since his store was already open 16 (^5. hours) a day, seven days a week, he decided to start selling bread, milk, cheese, (^6. eggs) and other everyday items.

The store quickly became popular, as it was very convenient for customers. Soon the South land Ice (^7. Company) that owned Uncle Johnny’s icehouse opened other similar (^8. stores) under the Tote’m name. These stores were open every day from 7 a.m. to 11 p.m. The concept of quick and convenient shopping spread, and the convenience store (^9. industry) was born. The shop operated by Uncle Johnny at the (^10. corner) of 12^th Street and Edgefield (^11. Avenue) was the world’s first convenience store. In 1946 it was renamed (^12. 7-eleven )The res is history.

4. What were the convenience stores operated by the Southland Ice Company called before 1946?

▶　大学生が日曜日のことを日記に書きました。例にならい、名詞に関する誤りをあと13個探し、訂正しましょう。

I don't usually eat a lot for ~~breakfasts~~ [breakfast], but since it was ~~sunday~~ [Sunday],, I decided to make pancakes. I took out my recipe book and read the list of ingredients. I had eggs, milk, oil, salt and sugar, but i didn't have any ~~flours~~ [flour] or baking ~~sodas~~ [soda]. I walked to the Family ~~mart~~ [Mart] on the corner, bought what I needed and returned ~~Home~~ [home]. A few minutes later my breakfast was ready. I took a bite, and all of my front ~~tooths~~ [teeth] nearly broke off! I'm not kidding. The pancake was as hard as a ~~Rock~~ [rock]! The next ~~times~~ [time] I feel ike pancakes, I'm going straight to ~~denny's~~ [Denny's].

▶　以下の語句を使い、日本の外来語についての英文を完成させましょう。

Japan got one of (^1.its) writing systems, kanji, from China in the fifth century. Over time many of the words borrowed from China lost (^2. their) original meaning and acquired a new meaning in Japan. These Japanese words of Chinese origin are called kango, and (^3. they) are all written in kanji.

During the late 1500s Japan brought in many new words --- (^4. they) are called loan words, or gairaigo in Japanese --- from Spanish and Portuguess. Many of (^5.them) were given kanji. For example, tempura got (^6. its) name from the Portuguese word tempero. (^7. It) means “flavoring.”

Then Dutch words came during the Edo Period between 1600 and 1868, when Japan shut (^8. itself) off from the rest of the world, except for Dutch traders at Nagasaki. Dutch loan words include bier for “beer” and koffie for “coffee.” Many of (^9. them) can also be written in kanji.

After that words from other languages, including arbeit (part-time job) from German and jupon (pants) from France, found (^10. their) way into the Japanese language. For about the last 200 years, however, almost all new loan words have come from English, and (^11. they) are written in katakana.

4. What languages have most Japanese loan words come from in the last 200 years?

▶　日本語の外来語についての大学生のレポートです。例にならい、代名詞に関する誤りをあと７個探し、訂正しましょう。

Us [We] have many loan words in Japanese. Sometimes when we use it [them] in conversations with native English speakers, however, ~~them~~ [they] don’t understand what we mean. One reason is because ~~ours~~ [our] pronunciation of loanwords is often very different from ~~theirs~~ [their] original pronunciation. For example, us [we] pronounce “girl” as “gaaru.” Sometimes loan words get shortened, like “pasokon” (personal computer) and “sukebo” (skateboard), or have different meanings from ~~its~~ [their] original meanings, such as “baikingu” for buffet and “snack” for pub. Finally, English speakers may not understand loan words that we have created ~~themselves~~ [ourselves], like “paper driver” ( a driver on paper only) and “barcode hair” (a comb-over).

▶　以下の文について（　　）内から適切な語句を選びましょう。

2. I went to Himeji Castle for cherry blossom viewing when I was a child, but I don’t remember it very ( good / well).

3. I think the cherry blossom viewing party will be very ( interesting / interested) this year.

4. After the hanami party Kenji felt ( bad / badly). I think he drank too much beer.

5. Because of the cold weather, the cherry blossom season started ( late / lately) this year.

7. Kaori worked ( hardly / hard) all day so that she could go to the hanami party with friends from her office.

10. If the wind blows ( gentle / gently) on Saturday, we’ll have the hanami party then.

11. Cathy is so ( exciting / excited) about being in Japan for the cherry blossom season.

▶　以下の語句を使い、お花見の歴史についての英文を完成させましょう。

Cherry blossom trees, or sakura, grow (^1.naturally) in the Himalayas and in East Asian countrties such as China, Korea and Japan. Sakura grow (^2.widely) throughout japan. More than 200 kinds are found here. Many of them were made by Japanese (^3.plant) specialists hundreds of years ago. Flower viewing, or hanami, came to Japan from China. During the Heian Period (794-1191) the Japanese upper classes tried to copy many of the things that the Chinese upper classes did. One of those things was hanami. In China the (^4.delicate) cherry blossom is a symbol of feminine beauty and love. In Japan, cherry blossoms symbolize the shortness of our lives, because of their (^5.short) blooming times.

Hanami was (^6. originally) a kind of religious ceremony in Japan. It was held on a special day. If the cherry trees were in (^7. full) bloom, it meant that there would be a very (^8. good) harvest of rice. The upper classes would celebrate by (^9.happily) drinking and eating under the trees. Short plays were performed and women wore (^10.brightly) colored kimonos or happi coats. Hanami did not become (^11.popular) among the common people until the end of the 17^th century Today hanami is enjoyed by everyone.

4. When did cherry blossom viewing become popular among the common people in Japan?

▶　ヒデキはメールでジェームズをお花見パーティーに誘っています。例になら、形容詞と副詞に関する誤りをあと11個探し、訂正しましょう。

The cherry blossoms will be in ~~fully~~ [full] bloom this weekend, and some friends from school are going to have a hanami party in ~~small a park~~ [a small park]which has many ~~beautifully~~ [beautiful] old cherry ~~blossoms~~ [blossom] tress. It’s about a ~~10-minutes~~ [10-minute] walk from the university. If you have some ~~freely~~ [free] time on Sunday, I’d ~~real~~ [really] like you to join us.

I’m goin to get up very ~~fast~~ [early] on Sunday morning and spread a couple of ~~plastics~~ [plastic] sheets under a tree in the park. Haruna is going to bring some ~~colds~~ [cold] drinks, Risa is going to make ~~rices~~ [rice] ball and sandwiches, and Toru said he will bring his karaoke machine. I heard you can sing very ~~good~~ [well] .

▶　例にならい、以下の形容詞について、比較級と最上級を書きましょう。

▶　以下の語句を適切な形にかえて、沖縄の人々の健康についての英文を完成させましょう（最上級の前にはtheをつけましょう。）

Okinawa has (^1.the highest) concentration of centenarians in the world. The traditional low-fat Okinawan diet of fish, seaweed, tofu, pork and vegetables is thought to be even (^2. healthier) than that of mainland Japan. But it seems that many Okinawans have stopped eating this healthy diet. What was once considered to be the best diet in the country has become one of (^3. the worst). Young Okinawans are now the most overweight generation in Japan, and doctors are afraid that many Okinawans will die of obesity-related diseases before they reach old age.

Doctors say that fast food is (^4. the most important) reason for the problem. Fast food is (^5. more popular) in Okinawa than in any other prefecture. It got its first fast food restaurant in 1963, seven years before Tokyo. There is also a (^6. wider) selection of fast food restaurants because of the U.S. presence there. young Okinawans are (^7. heavier) drinkers and smokers than average Japanese, and they take in more fat. They are also one of the least active groups of people, as they often use their cars instead of walking or cycling. If something is not done to reverse the trend, Okinawa could quickly change from having (^8. the longest) life expectancy. to having (^9.the shortest)

▶　学生が有機食品とそうでないものを比較しています。例にならい、比較級に関する誤りをあと９個探し、訂正しましょう。

Organic food is becoming ~~popularer~~ [more popular] every year. People think that it is ~~healther~~ [healthier] than non-organic food. But is it really ~~more good~~ [better]? Well, yes and no. Although organic food may be [more] delicious than non-organic food, most organic food is not ~~nutritiouser~~ [more nutiritious]. In supermarkets organic food is more expensive [than] non-organic food. But if you go to a farmer’s market, organic food is usually much ~~more cheap~~ [cheaper] and ~~more~~ fresher than it is in supermarkets. Organic fruits and vegetables do not contain any chemichals, so they are ~~more safe~~ [safer] for the environment than non-organic fruits and vegetables. Also, a lot of people feel ~~happier~~ [happier] eating them.

▶　例にならい、（　　）の中から適切な語句を選びましょう。選んだものが動作を表すどうしならA (Action Verbs), 状態動詞ならNA (Non-Action Verbs)と書きましょう。

2. Tom ( looks / is looking (A) ) at those sneakers again. I ( think (NA) / am thinking ) he’s going to buy them.

3. The laptop computer I ( want (NA) / am wanting ) to buy (costs (NA) / is costing ) \200,000.

4. If you ( don’t know (NA) / aren’t knowing ) what the word ( means (NA) / is meaning ), why don’t you borrow someone’s dictionary? Maybe Mary ( has (NA) / is having ) one.

5. I ( think / am thinking (A) )about marrying Brad. I ( don’t love (NA) / am not loving )him, but he’s a nice guy, and I ( trust (NA) / am trusting ) him. And he ( owns (NA)/ is owning ) houses in New York, Paris and Milan!

▶　ブランドはどのように匂いを利用しているのでしょうか。以下の語句を使い、英文を完成させましょう。

Most companies (^1.believe) that visual stimulation is the best way to connect brands with consumers. The company logo, advertising and packaging are important brand strategies. But many experts now think that every brand also (^2.needs) to have a scent. The idea may (^3. sound) strange, but companies that introduce scent into their branding approach have a stronger connection with consumers than companies that do not.

Scents (^4.help) a person to remember a company’s brand. They can also (^5.change) a person’s behavior. For example, a vanilla scent can make us feel better and more relaxed. This could help a bed maker sell more beds.

U.S. clothing brand Abercrombie & Fitch believes that the key to its success is all about what you see, what you (^6. hear) and what you smell. Its stores have a unique scent that (^7. stays) with you until you get your clothes home and take them out of the bag. Singapore Airlines used a unique scent in its airplanes for many years. Regular customers learned what the airline (^8.smelled) like and associated the scent with the rest of the Singapore Airlines experience --- great service, attractive flight attendants and delicious meals.

1. What do many experts think companies need to do to improve their brand image?

▶　大学生が友達のユニークなアルバイトを紹介しています。例にならい、状態と動作を表す動詞に関する誤りを８個探し、訂正しましょう。

~~I’m having~~ [I have] an American friend who lives in Los Angeles. He ~~is loving~~ [loves] reading, so he got a part-time job in a big bookstore. I know it ~~is sounding~~ [sounds] strange, but his job is to walk around the store and spray each section with different scents. For example, in the travel section he uses a spray that ~~is smelling~~ [smells] like suntan lotion to make the customers ~~feeling~~ [feel] like going on a trip to a warm, sunny beach. And when customers go to the cooking section they ~~are imaging~~ [imagine] that they are in a bakery because he uses a spray called “Fresh Bread.” It’s an interesting idea. I’m wondering if it helps to sell more books. Right now I ~~smell~~ [am smelling] a 10-yen coin, but ~~I’m not thinking~~ [I don’t think] that I am getting richer.

▶　以下の分について、（　　）内から正しい助動詞を選びましょう。

2. I think you ( could / should / would) take your umbrella. It ( may / can / will) probably rain later.

3. You ( don’t have to / shouldn’t / couldn’t) be late for your test tomorrow morning. ( Will I / Would I/ Shall I ) wake you up at 7:00?

4. Passengers ( mustn’t / couldn’t / don’t have to) smoke in the washrooms. Anyone who does ( has to / will / must) be in serious trouble.

5. Lucy always wears nice clothes. She ( can / had better / must) have a lot of money. As for me, I ( will / could / would) like to have nicer clothes, too, but I ( have to / must not/ don’t have to) save my money if I want to go to New York this summer.

▶　以下の語句を使い、昼寝の効果についての英文を完成させましょう。

Experts suggest that university students (^1.should sleep) seven to nine hours every night. Between studying, homework, part-time jobs and club activities, however, many students simply (^2. cannot find ) enough hours in the day to get a good night’s sleep. For them, getting enough sleep is something they (^3. can only dream) of. That’s why doctors recommend taking a short nap between noon and 3 p.m. By taking a short nap, your brain (^4. will not reach) the deep sleep stage. With your brain in the light sleep stage, your muscle activity and your brain activity (^5. will slow down). When you wake up, your body (^6. will feel) more refreshed and more relaxed

People take naps for different reasons. You (^7. should schedule) a “planned nap: when you know that you (^8. have to stay up) later than usual, in order to store up energy. An “emergency nap” is the kind you (^9. would take) if you suddenly became tired. A “habitual nap is one that you take at the same time every day.

Remember, you (^10. shouldn’t nap) for too long. If you do, you (^11. might wake up) feeling even more tired than you were before you fell asleep.

1. According to the passage, why don’t many students get a good night’s sleep?

3. What kind of nap should you take if you have to get up three hours earlier than usual the next day?

▶　サトシは大切なテストを欠席した理由をメールで先生に送りました。例にならい、助動詞に関する誤りをあと６個探し、訂正しましょう。

I wasn’t able [to] take my English test this morning. Last night I knew that I ~~have~~ [had] to stay up late to study for the test, but I got really tired around 10:00 from studying that big word list you gave us. My roommate suggested that I should ~~taking~~ [take] a short nap. I asked him to wake me up at 10:30, and he said that he ~~will~~ [would]. Guess what? He didn’t. I must to have fallen into a deep sleep because when I woke up it was already 10:00 in the morning. I ~~cant~~ [can’t] believe that I slept for 12 hours! Ms. Barton, ~~I may~~ [may I] take the test tomorrow? Satoshi

Satoshi, I’m afraid you slept for 36 hours! The test was yesterday. No, you may not take the test tomorrow. Ms. Barton

B: Oh, sorry, I (won't) be able to go. I (am going to ) study for my test tomorrow.

Artificial Intelligence is used in many household appliances to make our lives more convenient. the coffee maker that Sphia (^1.sis going to use) 6to make her cappuccino, the refrigerator that (^2. will keep ) Jerriy's beer cold, the microwave oven that (^3. will warm) marge's banana muffin, and the washing machine that (^4. is going to remove) the spaghetti sauce stain from Yuji's shirt all have computer chips in them.

AI experts believe that by 2050 we (^5.will see) intelligent robots everywhere. Not only (^6. will they do) all those unpleasant, dagerous and dirty jobs for us, they (^7. are going to become) our friends, too. For this, robots (^8.will need to) understand and respond appropriately to natural speech. In addition, robot makers are going to have to develop technology that (^9. will enable) robots to sense human emotions and express their own emotions in ways that we can understand. Scientists around the world are already working to make robots with moveable eyes, eyelids, lips and other body parts which (^10.will give) them a variety of emotional expressions. Some people are woried that when robots become as emotional as we are, we (^11. are not going to be able to) control them anymore.

4. What do some people think might happen if robots are given human-like emotions?

▶マユカはネットカフェで明日の授業で発表する作文の課題をやっています。例にならい、will とbe going toに関する誤りをあと１１個探し、訂正しましょう。

I think that in the next 20 years everyone will ~~have~~ [have] their won personal robot. People [are] going to able to go to the electronics store and shop for a new robot. There will [be] to be many kinds to choose from, and it ~~wills~~ [will] be difficult to decide which one to buy. Rich people are going [to] buy the best robots. They will ~~can~~ [be able to] speak like people and react to our emotions. They will even ~~having~~ [have] their own emotions! These robots will [be] expensive, so students will no [not] be able to buy them.

...Oh-oh! I can hear thunder, so I think it ~~will~~ [is going to] start raining. I'll be write more later when I get home. ---Mayuka

GEARING UP
▶　以下の動詞について、動名詞しかとれない動詞はどれですか。不定詞しかとれない動詞はどれですか。両方とれる動詞もあります。

enjoy finish hate hope learn like look forward to
love need prefer promise want would like

FIGURING IT OUT
▶　以下の語句を使い、都市と郊外の大学についての英文を完成させましょう。

(1.Going) to school at an urban university can be very exciting and stimulating. By (2.attending) an urban university, students don’t need (3.to worry) about getting bored, as there are many fun and interesting things to do on campus and in the city. There are also lots of good restaurants, food markets and stores (4.to choose) from. Some students in urban universities in the United States want (5.to live) in university dormitories during their entire stay. Others rent an apartment or a house with friends after their first year of study.
for those interested in (6.having) a quieter student life, (7.making) the decision to study at a rural university may be a good one. (8.To walk) to things to do on a rural university campus in the United States. Rural campuses also have an image of (9.being) friendly and safe, and campus activities are a big part of life. Entertainment, food and shopping choices are usually limited, though, so most small universities arrange trips for international students (10.to visit) nearby cities on weekends. Many foreign students also live with host families, a choice that urban students do not usually have.

1. What is something students in urban universities do not have to worry about?
a. Making friends..
b. Finding a place stay
c. Having nothing to do.

2. Where do students in urban universities usually live during their first year?
a. In dormitories.
b. In houses or apartments.
c. With host families.

3. What is limited on rural campuses?
a. Entertainment.
b. Dormitory rooms.
c. Campus activities.

4. What is an advantage that rural universities have over urban universities?
a. They are more exciting.
b. People think they are safer.
c. They have better food.

PROOFREADING
▶　ミキはホストファミリーに手紙を書いています。例に習い、動名詞と不定に関する誤りをあと９個探し、訂正しましょう。

My name is Miki Sato. I am a Japanese university student, and I decided ~~studying~~ [to study] English in your town this summer. I enjoy ~~to study~~ [studying] English very much. In the future I want [to] become a tour guide for foreigners in Japan, so I need ~~speaking~~ [to speak] English well. I’m interested in ~~play~~ [playing] the piano. I also like ~~to swimming~~. [to swim/swimming] I heard that your town is near a beach, and I would like [to] go there with you. I also hope to ~~playing~~ [play]with your two children. I look forward to ~~see~~ [seeing] you in a few weeks. I promise ~~studying~~ [to study] hard!

GEARING UP
▶　( 　　)内の語句を並べ換えて英文を完成させましょう。

１．最近たくさんの人が整形手術をうけるようになってきている。
Recently (are / people / having / of / lot / a ) cosmetic surgery.
→Recently a lot of people are having cosmetic surgery.

2．髪が薄くなってきているので、シゲオはいつも帽子をかぶっている。
Shigeo always wears a hat (hair / losing / he / because / is / his ) .
→Shigeo always wears a hat because he is losing his hair.

3．彼女は手術を受けるべきかどうか決断しようとしている。
(to / if / is / decide / she / trying ) she should have the operation or not.
→She is trying to decide if she should have the operation or not.

4．ハルカは母親の真珠のネックレスを身につけている。
(mother’s pearl / Haruka / wearing / is / her ) necklace.
→haruka is wearing her mother’s pearl necklace.

5．私は自分の見た目を変えるつもりはありません。
(about / I / changing / not / thinking / am ) the way I look.
→I am not thinking about changing the way I look.

FIGURING IT OUT
▶　以下の語句を適当な形にかえて、美容整形についての英文を完成させましょう。

Nowadays students, working women and homemakers (1.are making) appointments to have cosmetic surgery. They (2. are asking) their doctors for anything from longer noses to larger busts. But the most popular operation that doctors (3. are performing) in Asia is one in which a fold is created above the eye to make a so-called “double eyelid.” This operation makes the eyes look bigger and gives women more make-up choices. Women are not the only ones who (4.are having) cosmetic surgery. More and more men (5.are joining) the growing trend in order to get jobs or to move up in their companies.
If beauty can be bought, then Asians (6. are buying) a lot of it. In Japan top cosmetic surgery clinics (7. are earning) 100 million yen or more a year. Cheaper prices, however, (8.are attracting) Japanese people to other Asian countries. More than 400 cosmetic surgery clinics (9.are operating) in Apkoujon, an area of Seoul. One busy street is even nicknamed “Plastic Surgery Street.” Now many Japanese people (10.are going) on cosmetic surgery tours arranged by travel agencies. Packages include airfare, hotel, sightseeing and a cosmetic surgery operation for the same price as the operation alone in Japan.

1. What type of cosmetic surgery is not mentioned?
a. Surgery to have fuller lips.
b. Surgery to have a longer nose.
c. Surgery to create a fold above the eye.

2. What is an advantage of having “double eyelids”?
a. Smaller eyes.
b. Higher eyebrows.
c. More ways to apply make-up.

3. Why are some men having cosmetic surgery?
a. To be more attractive to women.
b. To find work.
c. To start their own companies.

4. What is the main reason Japanese go abroad for cosmetic surgery?
a. More choices.
b. Better quality.
c. Lower cost.

PROOFREADING
▶　アキがジェニファーにメールを送りました。例にならい、現在進行形に関する誤りをあと９個探し、訂正しましょう。

I ~~write~~ [am writing] to you from my hotel room in Thailand. My tour ~~does~~ [is] going well---I'm ~~see~~ [seeing] a lot of interesting places and ~~are~~ [am] meeting some really nice people.
Everyone [is] being very kind to me.
Actually, I came here for cosmetic surgery on my eyes, nose and cheeks, but now I'm ~~wonder~~ [wondering] if I do [am doing] the right thing.
Right now I do [am] looking outside my hotel window and I can see many different kinds of people---young, old, big, small. They is [are] all laughing and ~~haveing~~ [having] a good time. Maybe looks aren't so important after all. What should I do?

GEARING UP
▶　例にならい、各組の文の内容があう場合は○、合わない場合は×、どちらともいえない場合は？を（　）に書き入れましょう。

2．I got out of bed at 6:00 this morning.
I wasn’t sleeping at 6:00 a.m. （ ○）

3．Last night I was reading a book about Australia.
I didn’t finish reading the book. （？）

4．Look at this photograph. I was putting on a kimono for the first time.
I was wearing a kimono in this photo. （×）

5．It was raining while she was taking my picture.
First she took my picture. Then it started to rain. （×）

6．At 8:00 they were singing at the karaoke box.
WE don’t know when they started singing at the karaoke box. （○）

7．Wendy knew that she was going to be a nurse when she was a little girl.
Wendy became a nurse. （○）

8．Ken was sleeping when the class ended.
Ken woke up at the end of the class. （？）

FIGURING IT OUT
▶　以下の語句を適当な形にかえて、有名な発明についての英文を完成させましょう。

As a small boy growing up in Switzerland, George de Mestral (1.was always plaing) outside or (2. inventing) things. In 1919, at the age of 12, he received his first patent for designing a toy plane.
One summer day in 1948 George (3. was taking) his dog for a walk in the woods. They (4.were enjoying) their walk very much, but when they returned home, both of them were covered in seeds. The seeds were difficult to remove, and George wanted to know why. Soon he (5.was looking) at some of the seeds under his microscope. he saw that they were covered with many small, hard hooks. he then realized that the hooks (6. were sticking) to his dog’s fur and the small loops in the fabric of his pants. Just then George had an idea for a new invention. He (7. was going) to design a unique two-sided fastener; one side with stiff hooks like the seeds, the other side with soft loops like the fabric of his pants.
In 1952 Mestral formed a company called Velcro S.A. in Switzerland. Soon the company (8.was selling) 70,000 kilometers of the hook and loop take a year --- enough to go around the earth twice! In Japan it is appropriately called “magic tape.”

2. Where did George get to the idea for his Velcro invention?
a. At his company.
b. In the woods.
c. At his home.

3. What did the seeds look like under George’s microscope?
a. They were covered with small, hard loops.
b. They had many hooks on them.
c. They were covered with hooks and loops.

4. What is Velcro also called in English?
a. Two-sided fastener.
b. Hook and loop tape.
c. Magic tape

PROOFREADING
▶　大学生がポテトチップスの歴史について書きました。例に習い過去進行形に関する誤りをあと６個探し、訂正しましょう。

One day 19 1853 a man ~~were~~ [was] having dinner in a restaurant in Saratoga Springs, New York. He was ~~enjoy~~[emjpying] his meal, but he kept sending back his plate of potatoes. He was ~~ask~~ [asking]the chef to cut them thinner and fry them longer. These requests ~~are~~ [were] making the chef very angry, so he decided to slice the potatoes very thin, fry them until they were crisp, and then put salt on them. He was sure that the man was ~~going not~~ [not going] to like them. But the man loved them and is [was] soon asking the waiter for more. Not long after, everyone ~~were~~ [was] ordering the “Saratoga chips,” or potato chips as they were later called.

GEARING UP
▶　以下の１〜６の文には否定語が２回使われています。正しい分になるように（　）に語句を書き入れましょう。

1. × I didn't see nobody.
○ I didn't see (anybody/anyone) there. / I saw no one there.

2. × You didn't do nothing wrong.
○ You didn't do (anything) wrong. / You did nothing wrong.

3. × She hardly didn't eat anything.
○ she hardly ate anything. / She ate almost (nothing).

4. × We didn't go nowhere during the holidays.
○ We didn’t go (anywhere/anyplace) during the holidays. / We went nowhere during the holidays.

5. × Peter never didn't learn how to swim.
○ Peter (never) learned how to swim. / Peter didn't (ever) learn how to swim.

6. × Sally doesn't have no brothers or sisters.
○ Sally doesn’t have (any) brothers or sisters. / Sally has (no) brothers or sisters.

FIGURING IT OUT
▶　タイタニック号が氷山に衝突する直前の様子です。以下の語句を使い、英文を完成させましょう。

The night was cold. There was (1.no ) moon and the sky was clear. The waters were still. Earlier in the day a message from the ship Amerika warned that large icebergs lay in the Titanic’s path. (2. Nobody) knows why, but Captain Smith (3. never received) the warning. Later that evening another warning came, this time from the Mesaba. It (4.didn't reach) the captain, either. At 11:00 p.m. Cyril Evans of the cargo ship California contacted the Titanic and warned her that there was ice ahead. A thired Jack Philips, the Titanic’s radio operator, (5.didn't want) to hear (6. any) more warnings and said to Evans, “Shut up, shut up, I am busy!” At 11:35 p.m. an angry Evans turned off his radio and went to bed.
At 11:40 p.m. two cre members of the Titanic saw a large iceberg ahead. They quickly telephoned the control roon, shouting “Iceberg, right ahead!” First Officer Murdoch immediately ordered a quick turn to the left, but it was too late. There(7. wasn't any) way to avoid a collision. There was (8.not) enough time. thirty-seven seconds after the sighting, the Titanic struck the iceberg. The ship that “couldn't sink” was sinking.

1. What was the weather like when the Titanic struck the iceberg?
a. Cloudy and cold.
b. Windy and rainy.
c. Cold and clear.

2. Who was Cyril Evans?
a. The captain of the Titanic.
b. The radio operator of the California.
c. The captain of a cargo ship.

3. What did Jack Philips do when he received the call from the California?
a. He told the radio operator that he was busy.
b. He thanked him and telephoned the control room.
c. He turned off his radio and went to bed.

4. What did the two crew members do when they saw the iceberg?
a. They ran to the control room and told the captain.
b. They contacted the control room right away.
c. They waited for 37 seconds and then telephoned the control room.

PROOFREADING
▶　タイタニック号が氷山に衝突した後の様子です。例にならい、否定の表現に関する誤りをあと６個探し、訂正しましょう。

Aft het the Titanic hit the iceberg, hardly any of the passengers ~~didn't go~~ [went] outside because it was so cold. Most of the first-class passengers didnt ~~wanted~~ [want] to get into the lifeboats because they not think that they were in any real danger. As a result, almost none of the boats weren't [were] full when they left the ship. There ~~weren't~~ [were] hardly any people in one of the boats that could hold 40 people. It left with only 12 people on board. There ~~wasn't~~ [weren't] enough lifeboats for all passengers, and when there were ~~not~~ [no] more lifeboats, many passengers jumped into the sea in the hope of reaching a lifeboat. More than 1,500 of the Titanic's 2,200 passengers and crew died.

GEARING UP
▶　以下はよく使われる不規則変化動詞です。空欄に適切な形の動詞を入れて表を完成させましょう。

FIGURING IT OUT
▶　以下の語句を適切な形にかえて、脳トレゲームについての英文を完成させましょう。

For many years people (1.have used ) the phrase “use it or lose it” when talking about the brain. It means if you do not exercise your brain, you will lose your brain function. The idea of training your brain (2. has existed) for more than 100 years. More recently so-called “brain training” video games (3. have become) very popular. Game makers (4.have already sold) millions of games since they first went on sale in Japan several years ago.
Older people (5.have gone) in large numbers to buy the games, mainly from their fear of growing old and worries of Alzheimer's disease. In Japan the population (6. has aged) faster than in any other country. Nearly 25% of Japanese people are now 65 years old or over, compared to 12% in 1990. People (7. have eagerly played) these fun but simple games, hoping that they will help to keep their brains healthy and active.
The games help kinds learn and solve problems more quickly. But have older adults enjoyed similar success? Some studies (8.have shown) that the games are helpful for older people. However, we (9.have not learned) yet whether they are better or worse than simply living an interesting and stimulating life.

1. How long have brain training video games existed?
a. For several years.
b. Since 1990.
c. For over 100 years.

2. What can be said about the population of Japan?
a. Nearly one in four people are 65 years old or older.
b. About 13 percent of the population is 65 years old or older.
c. More than one-third of the population is 65 years old or older.

3. What is the main reason why elderly people have bought brain training games?
a. For fun.
b. They hope the games will keep their brains working well.
c. Because they have Alzheimer’s disease.

4. What is still unknown about brain training games?
a. Whether they help children learn.
b. Whether they are harmful to kids.
c. Whether they improve one’s quality of life.

PROOFREADING
▶　大学生が買ったばかりのビデオゲームのことを書いています。例にならい、現在完了やalready, for, since, yetの使い方に関する誤りをあと９個探し、訂正しましょう。

I am [have] just returned from the electronics store with some new video game software, but I ~~hasn't~~ [haven't] played any of the games ~~already~~ [yet]. My friend has ~~have~~ [had] the same software ~~since~~ [for] two weeks, and he says the games ~~has~~ [have] helped him learn how to spell English words and to practice English pronunciation. According to him, he has ~~wrote~~ [written] hundreds of words on the touch screen ~~yet~~ [already], and he has ~~became~~ [become] much better at spelling. He says one of the games ~~have~~ [has] also helped him to improve his English listening ability.

GEARING UP
▶　例にならい、以下の能動分を受動態の文に書き換えましょう。

FIGURING IT OUT
▶　以下の語句を適切な形にかえて、古代インカ帝国、マチュピチュについての英文を完成させましょう。

build carefully cut force nearly forget grow now know leave rediscover take use

High in the Andes Mountains stands the beautiful ancient city of Machu Picchu. It (1.was built ) between 1460 and 1470 by an Incan king named Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui. The city (2. was used) by the king as a home and as a place to worship the sun god, Inti.
Machu Picchu lies on a flat piece of stone between two mountains. Most of the 140 buildings were made of stone which (3. was taken) from nearby hills. It (4.was carefully cut) into blocks that were then made to fit together perfectly. Crops such as corn, potatoes, peanuts and strawberries (5.were grown) to feed the 1,200 people who lived there.
In 1532 the people (6. were forced) to leave the city when the Spanish invaders arrived in South America. But even before then the city (7. was nearly forgotten), as most of the people had already died of disease.
Today the exact history of Machu Picchu (8.is not known) because no written records (9.were left) by the Incas, and the city was years Machu Picchu was a hidden secret, until it (10.was rediscovered) by an American historian in 1911.

2. What do we learn about the buildings?
a. They were made of stone blocks that fit tightly together.
b. They were built on the nearby hills.
c. They were already there before the Incas arrived.

3. What happened in 1532?
a. Machu Picchu was attacked by Spanish invaders.
b. Most of the people of Machu Picchu suddenly died of disease.
c. The people of Machu Picchu left the city.

4. Why was Machu Picchu a hidden secret?
a. Because the Spanish did not want anyone to know what they had found.
b. Because it was forgotten for 400 years.
c. Because the Inca people living there wanted to keep it a secret.

PROOFREADING
▶　以下はインカ帝国に伝わる伝説です。例にならい、受動態に関する誤りをあと６個探し、訂正しましょう。

Before this world is [was] created there was a being called Viracocha who made a dark world. After his creation he was ~~naming~~ [named] Viracocha Pachayachachi, which means “creator of all things.” He later created people, but because there was no light, they ~~was~~ [were] forced to live in darkness. The people were ~~telled~~ [told] by Viracocha Pachayachachi to live peacefully, and they were ~~ordering~~ [ordered] to obey him. But the people could not live peacefully, and it is ~~sayed~~ [said] that Viracocha Pachayachachi made it rain for 60 days and 60 nights, and that all but a few people ~~was~~ [were] killed in the floods. Those who survived went on to build the great Inca Empire.

GEARING UP
▶　例にならい、（　）内の語句を使ってそれぞれの英文を完成させましょう。

2. Michael trains as long as Carl. (train / long)
3. Ben doesn't jump as far as Carl. (jump / far)
4. Carl weighs as much as Ben. (weigh / much)
5. Ben is as old as Michael. (be / old)
6. Michael doesn't run as fast as Carl. (run / fast)
7. Michael and Carl don't train as long as Ben. (train / long)
8. Ben and Michael are not as old as Carl. (be / old)

FIGURING IT OUT
▶　以下の語句を使い、英文を完成させましょう。

as interesting as as little as as long as as much as as rich as not as effective

Using big numbers to present information is (1.not as effective ) or (2. as interesting as ) using smaller, more understandable numbers. To better understand large numbers, we need to bring them down to our level of thinking. Let me give you an example. We all have a sense of how long 10 seconds is --- about (3. as long as ) it takes to read this sentence. But what about a million seconds, a billion seconds, or a trillion seconds? By “shrinking” these numbers into days and years, we get a better sense of time: 1 million seconds is about 12 days (Oh!), 1 billion seconds is 30 years (Wow!!), and 1 trillion seconds is 30,000 years (Yikes!!!).
Here is another example. Mike makes ￥5 million a year. Bill makes 10 times (4. as much as ) Mike, or ￥50 million. And Joe is 100 times (5. as rich as ) Mike --- he makes ￥500 million a year. Now imagine that things cost 10 times less for Bill and 100 times less for Joe. A ￥300 cup of coffee would cost Bill only ￥30, and Joe would pay only ￥3. The ￥10 million sports car that Mike dreams of buying would be only ￥1 million for Bill, and it would cost Joe (6. as little as ) ￥100,000!

1. What does “shrinking” numbers mean?
a. Dividing numbers by ten.
b. Bringing numbers down to our level of understanding.
c. Using larger numbers to present information.

3. Which of the following statements is true?
a. Bill makes ten times as much money as Joe.
b. Mike makes one-tenth as much money as Bill.
c. Joe makes 100 times less money than Mike.

4. Imagine that Mike spends \500,000 for a 10-day trip to the United States. How much money would that feel like to Joe?
a. ￥5,000.
b. ￥50,000.
c. ￥50,000,000

PROOFREADING
▶　ワタルはブラッドへのメールで今日の授業で習ったことを報告しています。例にならい、比較表現に関する誤りをあと４個探し、訂正しましょう。

Hi Brad,
Today I learned that sound travels about 343 meters a second. That “sounds” pretty fast (ha!ha!), but it's not nearly as ~~faster~~ [fast] as the speed of light. In fact, nothing travels as ~~rapid~~ [rapidly] as light. The speed of light is about 300,000 kilometers per second, or 300,000,000 meters per second. So that means it takes sound around 1,000,000 times as long ~~than~~ [as] light to travel the same distance (300,000,000÷343). Light could travel seven and a half times around the Earth in one second. For sound to travel around the Earth that many times it would take 1,000,000 times ~~long as~~ [as long/ as long as that], or 1,000,000 seconds. That's almost 12 days!
Well, Brad, I’m as tired a dog! Good night. --- Wataru

GEARING UP
▶　１〜９の英文の(　)内に当てはまる前置詞を四角の中から選びましょう。

along around behind in front of next to off out of past toward

FIGURING IT OUT
▶　スリはどのように起きるのでしょうか。

against along away from behind between close to in front of off out of past

To get a wallet (1.out of ) someone's pocket or purse, a pickpocket has to touch the target or something very (2. close to) the target's body. A crowded subway car is a good place to do this. In a crowded subway car, it is normal for strangers to press (3. against) you, creating a perfect opportunity for a pickpocket. You may never feel a thing.
Another technique is called the “sandwich” technique. When you are walking (4.along) the street, a pickpocket team might casually sandwich you (5.between) them in order to make contact with your body. Here is how they might do it. A woman suddenly stops (6. in front of) you so that you bump into her. Her pickpocket partner walking (7. behind) you then pretends to accidentally bump into you. While he is apologizing, he is also removing your wallet.
Purse snatching is another popular crime. For example, as a snatcher rides (8. past) you on his motorcycle, he either pulls the strap of your purse (9. off) your shoulder or snatches your bag out of your bicycle basket. When walking or cycling, you should carry your purse on your side (10. Away from) traffic and cover your bicycle basket with a net.

1. Why is a crowded subway car a good place for a pickpocket?
a. He can pickpocket several people at the same time.
b. Riders do not think it is unusual if strangers press their bodies against them.
c. he can choose his target carefully.

2. In the sandwich technique, why does one person apologize to the taget?
a. In order to make contact with his partner’s body.
b. To get the target’s attention.
c. SO that his partner can pickpocket the target.

3. In the sandwich technique, what does the person in front of the target do?
a. Suddenly stops so that the target bumps into her.
b. Suddenly turns around and starts talking to the target.
c. Suddenly bumps into the person walking behind her.

4. What is recommended to prevent purse snatching?
a. Covering the snatcher with a net.
b. Staying away from areas with a lot of traffic.
c. Being careful about which side of your body you carry your bag on.

PROOFREADING
▶　ユウジは旅先でひどい経験をしました。例にならい、場所と移動を表す前置詞に関する誤りをあと７個さがしなさい。

When I was at [in] Europe last summer, my bag was snatched. How did it happen? Well, I was in Paris and I took a taxi ~~for~~ [to] the Eiffel Tower. After I got ~~off~~ [out of] the taxi, a beautiful young girl asked me if I would take her picture in front [of] of the tower. Of course, I said yes. I put my backpack to [on] the ground. The woman gave me her camera and then started walking toward to the tower. Then she turned around and said “cheese!” After I took her picture, she said thank you, kissed me in [on] the cheek, put her camera ~~in to~~ [into] her purse, and ran away. When I looked down, my bag was gone. That was the most expensive kiss I have ever had!

GEARING UP
▶　四角の中の語を用いて、それぞれの表現を太字の英文に続けなさい。（必要のない場合には×を書きましょう。２回以上使われる単語もあります。）

ago at during for from
in on since to until

1. on Sunday
2. in August
3. at Christmastime.
4. two weeks ago
5. until the zoo closed.
6. from 4:00 to 4:30.
7. at the San Diego Zoo in 2009.
8. when the zoo opened at 10 a.m.
9. on July 4. We had a great day.
10. x last week.
11. during our time at the zoo.
12. in the morning.
13. for 30 minutes.
14. x yesterday. It was the first time for us to visit the zoo since 2006.

FIGURING IT OUT
▶　ジャイアントパンダの模様にまつわる伝説です。以下の語句を使い、英文を完成させましょう。

ago at by during for
in on since to

Long (1.ago ) a family lived in the hills of China. (2. At) the same time each day they took their sheep to a field near a bamboo forest. There the sheep ate grass (3. for) a few hours --- from 2:00 (4.to) 4:00. Then it was time to go home. (5.On) many days a little panda would leave the forest and walk among the sheep. Perhaps the panda thought he was a sheep, because (6. in) those days pandas were all white.
One day (7. during) the panda’s walk, a huge leopard jumped out from the rest. The sheep all quickly ran away, but the little panda was too slow to escape. To save the panda, the family’s young daughter began hitting the leopard with a stick. The leopard turned from the panda and attacked the girl, killing her. (8. By) the next morning all of the pandas in the forest had begun to throw black ash on themselves as a way of expressing their sadness over the girl’s death. As they wiped away their tears, the ash left black marks around their eyes. Their ears, arms and legs also became black from the ash. Ever (9. since) that day pandas have worn these markings as a way of remembering the young girl.

1. Why did the family take their sheep to the field every day?
a. To let them play with the panda.
b. To le them eat the grass..
c. To let them walk among the pands.

2. Why didn't the panda escape when the leopard jumped out from the forest?
a. It couldn't run fast enough.
b. It didn't think there was any danger.
c. It didn't see the leopard.

3. How did the little girl save the panda?
a. By taking the leopard's attention away from the panda.
b. By killing the leopard with a stick.
c. by making the leopard think she was a sheep.

4. How long have pandas worn black markings on their bodies?
a. They have always worn them.
b. Ever since the little panda started walking among the sheep.
c. Since the young girl's death

PROOFREADING
▶　リュウの動物園での仕事です。例にならい、時を表す前置詞と副詞に関する誤りをあと９個さがしなさい。

I've been working at a zoo ~~since~~ [for] about six months. I work on Saturdays and Sundays at [from] 6:00 a.m. to 8:00 p.m. I feed the animals once ~~for~~ [in] the morning at 7:00 and once in [at] night after the zoo closes. ~~While~~ [During] the day I clean their cages and prepare their food. It's hard to finish all my work ~~until~~ [by] 8:00 p.m., but I love my job, so I don’t mind.
~~On last~~ [Last] Sunday morning our female giant panda, FuaFua, gave birth to twin cubs. It was the first time for a panda to have cubs ~~during~~ [since] the zoo opened three years before [ago]. ~~After~~ [In] a few months, when the cubs are bigger and stronger, visitors will be able to come and see them.

GEARING UP
▶　例にならい、（　　）内の関係詞を用いて２つの文を一つにしましょう。

2. The man was very kind. He gave me directions to the restaurant. (who)
The man who gave me directions to the restaurant was very kind.
3. The movie wasn’t very good. We saw it last night. (that)
The movie that we saw last night wasn’t very good.
4. That is the woman. I told you about her yesterday. (whom)
That is the woman whom I told you about yesterday.
5. The man is a famous painter. His hands were burned in the fire. (whose)
The man whose hands were burned in the fire is a famous painter.
6. The town is very quiet. We grew up there. (where)
The won where we grew up is very quiet.
7. I'll never forget the day. My baby was born then. (when)
I'll never forget the day when my baby was born.

FIGURING IT OUT
▶　以下の語句を使い、日本社会の女性についての英文を完成させましょう。

that they earn that they think of women whom you talk to
when a woman was considered successful who has never washed a dish
who were still single whose birthrate is one of the lowest

In Japan there was a time (1.when a woman was considered successful ) if she was able to find a good husband. Women (2. who were still single) after their 30th birthday were thought of as “losers.” This, however, is no longer the case. Many modern Japanese women (3. whom you talk to) don't want to spend their lives cooking and cleaning for Japanese men who still think that a woman's place is in the home.
An increasing number of women are entering the workforce, making enough money to support themselves and just saying no to men. Why are they saying no? Their reasons are simple: they have discovered that they can stay single, spend the money (4.that they earn) freely and have fun without having to worry about taking care of a man (5.who has never washed a dish) in his life. And because Japanese women are expected to stop working after they have children, many women are choosing not to marry. As a result, Japan has become a country (6. whose birthrate is one of the lowest) in the world. In order to reverse this trend, perhaps traditional-thinking men need to update the way (7. that they think of women).

1. Under what condition were women once considered “losers”?
a. If they were still working when they were 30.
b. If they were still living at home before their 30th birthday.
c. If they were still unmarried when they turned 30.

2. What kind of men are many modern women not interested in marrying?
a. Those who think their wives should stay home after marriage.
b. Those who want to stay home while their wives work.
c. Those who think their wives should continue working after they have children.

3. What is one reason why many women are choosing not to get married?
a. They don’t want to quit their jobs after having children.
b. They don’t want a husband who spends his money freely.
c. There are worried that their husbands will not be able to support them.

4. What does the writer think that Japanese men may need to do?
a. Work harder and spend less money.
b. Take a more modern view of women.
c. Think of ways to increase the birthrate.

PROOFREADING
▶　ハルカのいとこについての文です。例にならい、関係詞に関する誤りをあと６個探し、訂正しましょう。

I have a cousin ~~where~~ [who] lives in Denver, Colorado. She's married and has a little girl ~~when~~ [who] is two years old. The company ~~that's~~ [that/which] she works for has a daycare center, so she can take her daughter to work with her in the morning, play with her during lunchtime and take her home after work. She told me about one company ~~who's~~ [whose] management even lets a new parent bring the baby to his or her office! My cousin's husband works, too. He's an American whom she met him in college. She's happy with her life. And one thing ~~what~~ [that/which] makes her VERY happy is that her husband does ALL the cooking. I wonder if he has a brother ~~whose~~ [who's/who is] single.

	主格	目的格	所有代名詞	所有格	再帰代名詞
単数	I	me	mine	my	myself
	you	you	yours	your	yourself
	he	him	his	his	himself
	she	her	hers	her	herself
複数	it	it	--------	its	itself
	we	us	ours	our	ourselves
	you	you	you	your	yourselves
	they	them	theirs	their	themselves

	過去形	過去分詞		過去形	過去分詞
be	was/were	been	hear	heard	heard
become	became	become	know	knew	known
begin	began	begun	lose	lost	lost
build	built	built	make	made	made
buy	bought	bought	pay	paid	paid
choose	chose	chosen	read	read	read
do	did	done	say	said	said
get	got	got/gotten	see	saw	seen
give	gave	given	sell	sold	sold
go	went	gone	show	showed	shown
grow	grew	grown	take	took	taken
have	had	had	write	wrote	written